A 1952 United StatesSupreme Court decision that upheld a NewYork law permitting public schools to releasestudents to attend religious instruction thattook place outside public school grounds anddid not require public financial support.

A nonacademic educative institution that displays live animals for public enjoyment, education, conservation, research and, often, for profit, depending on the financial status of the institution.

A nonnegotiable policy at elementary or high schools whereby a student caught violating specific rules, regardless of any extenuating circumstances, is automatically suspended or expelled from school.

A concept derived from the federal Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and subsequent court decisions requiring public school districts to provide all handicapped children with free, appropriate education.

A system of planning annual spending that disregards previous spending levels and creates each year’s new budget from a base of zero.

A 5-4 United States Supreme Court decision in 2002 that the SCHOOL VOUCHER program in Cleveland, Ohio, was constitutional.