American educational psychologist who pioneered techniques for teaching reading and language skills to young children and developed a variety of tests to measure reading skills.
A controversial schoolreorganization program conceived in Gary, Indiana, in 1907 and adopted by more than 200 other American cities in the succeeding two decades.
Scottishborn naturalist (after whom the gardenia was named), physician and missionary who in 1743 established a school for black children in Charleston, South Carolina—the first such school in the South.