A mutual-education organization founded in 1781 in New Jersey to help farmers and merchants achieve success in their enterprises.

A charitable organization created by the English Parliament in 1649, to convert American Indians in the Massachusetts Bay Colony to Christianity. 

An approach to curricular development designed to make almost all studies provide students with knowledge and skills that will help them function successfully in society.

An amorphous, interdisciplinary course of studies that includes history, geography, political science, civics, economics, culture and sociology.

A group of private, nonprofit organizations that sought to change the plight of the poor at the turn of the 20th century and grew into one of the most influential social, political and educative forces in American history.

A nationwide thrust to deliver a variety of social, psychological and health services to socioeconomically deprived children in inner-city schools across the United States.

The world’s largestmuseum complex and a center for scholarlyresearch on a wide range of topics in the sciencesand humanities.

A 1914 federal law thatprovided subsidies to land-grant colleges toestablish the first cooperative extension programs.

A 1917 federal law that provided federal government matching grants for the establishment of vocational education programs in American high schools.

The largest private college for women in the United States, with more than 3,100 students in its four-year undergraduate program.

Scottishborn colonial educator whose visionary curricular plan provided the basis for college studies in colonial America and the United States for more than a century. 

Scottish economist who developed the science of political economy and in so doing prescribed a system of universal public education that his disciples would introduce in the United States.

A social institution with one class of human being the irrevocable property of another class and entirely subject to its will.

American behavioral psychologist, educator and inventor of the first teaching machine and of PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION.

The acquisition of productiveuses for a child’s perceptual, motor andintellectual functions.

American educator, educational reformer, author and developer of the modern concepts of active learning and PORTFOLIO assessment of student academic achievement.

A 1948 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that the state must provide opportunities for legal education for blacks and must do so for one race as soon as for the other.

The purposeful segregation of students by gender in separate classrooms or in separate schools.

A salary scale based solely on training and years of experience, eliminating merit, area of teaching, student ages and hazards or job difficulties as considerations. Thus, an elementary school teacher, a middle school art teacher and a high school chemistry teacher would all receive the same salaries under a school district’s single-salary schedule if, for example, they each had a B.A. and one year of teaching experience.

Families in which only one parent lives in the home and is solely responsible for the day-to-day rearing of the children. 

A basic method of instruction that reproduces real-life problems and situations under risk-free conditions in the classroom.

A pioneering system for measuring human intelligence based on scores achieved in a series of problems of graded difficulty, each corresponding to a different mental level.

Reading to oneself, withoutproducing any sound or moving the tongue orlips. A relatively new technique of reading, inhistoric terms, silent reading contrasts with andhas different purposes from oral reading, whichis concerned with pronunciation, enunciation,voice control and communication.

A form of communication that depends entirely on the use of finger, hand and arm positions and gestures to represent words, phrases or concepts.